Journal articles: 'South coast air quality management district' – Grafiati (2024)

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This paper reports an evaluation of the econometric model developed by Regional Econometric Models Inc. for the South Coast Air Quality Management District. The analysis is focused on the in-sample performance, forecasting ability, and characteristics in impact analysis of the model. The trade-offs implicit in the performance of this model relate directly to questions of explanatory power. In particular, the model is characterized by well-specified structural equations that enhance its ability to formulate policy-relevant simulations. This may come at the cost of predictive ability in a statistical sense. Choices related to this trade-off are at the heart of applied regional analysis.

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Many areas of the United States are working toward achieving the 2015 ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) attainment level. The objective of this study was to develop future-year (2030) volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides (VOC-NOx) isopleth diagrams of the 4th highest maximum daily 8-h average ozone design value concentrations at monitors of interest in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) and San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in California, and in Maryland. The simulation results showed there would be attainment of the 2015 ozone NAAQS in 2030 without further controls at the selected monitors: 27% in SoCAB, 57% in SJV, and 100% in Maryland. The SoCAB ozone isopleths developed in this study were compared with those reported in the South Coast Air Quality Management District 2016 Air Quality Management Plan. There are several differences between the two modeling studies, the results are qualitatively similar for most of the monitors in the relative amounts of additional emission reductions needed to achieve the ozone NAAQS. The results of this study provide insight into designing potential control strategies for ozone attainment in future years for areas currently in non-attainment. Additional photochemical modeling using these strategies can then provide confirmation of the effectiveness of the controls.

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As air quality sensors increasingly become commercially available, a deeper consideration of their usability and usefulness is needed to ensure effective application by the public. Much of the research related to sensors has focused on data quality and potential applications. While this information is important, a greater understanding of users’ experience with sensors would provide complementary information. Under a U.S. EPA-funded Science to Achieve Results grant awarded to the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California, titled “Engage, Educate, and Empower California Communities on the Use and Applications of Low-Cost Air Monitoring Sensors”, approximately 400 air quality sensors were deployed with 14 California communities. These communities received sensors and training, and they participated in workshops. Widely varying levels of sensor installation and engagement were observed across the 14 communities. However, despite differences between communities (in terms of participation, demographics, and socioeconomic factors), many participants offered similar feedback on the barriers to sensor use and strategies leading to successful sensor use. Here, we assess sensor use and participant feedback, as well as discuss the development of an educational toolkit titled “Community in Action: A Comprehensive Toolkit on Air Quality Sensors”. This toolkit can be leveraged by future community and citizen science projects to develop networks designed to collect air quality information that can help reduce exposure to and the emissions of pollutants, leading to improved environmental and public health.

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Policy analysis is driven by a dominant normative stance that conflates the notion of social welfare with some notion of collective good or, even more restrictively, strictly utilitarian notions of aggregate benefit. In this paper, we suggest how this perspective leads to a strongly aggregative analysis that masks concerns of actors in their unique contexts. We examine the policies of the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Los Angeles, California, USA and argue that they have strongly furthered the status quo at the expense of communities. We illustrate alternative models for analysis in the hope that this type of dialectic might lead to a more inclusive model of rationality. We also hope to take the conversation deeper into notions of justice and not farther away from them, as some attempts to broaden the discussion by appealing to notions of democratization, civic governance, or modernization naively do.

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ABSTRAKLantebung memiliki hutan mangrove seluas 12 Ha dimana secara administratif wilayah ini masuk dalam wilayah Kelurahan Bira Kecamatan Tamalanrea Kota Makassar Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Dengan luasan mangrove yang ada dan berada di kota besar yaitu Kota Makassar tentu saja memberi nilai tersendiri bagi kawasan ini karena mampu menjadi daya tarik bagi pengunjung baik wisatawan lokal maupun internasional, apalagi dengan adanya infrastruktur yang mendukung ekowisata mangrove tersebut menjadikan kawasan ini sebagai alternatif destinasi wisata baru di kota Makassar yang berbasis sumberdaya alam. Dengan peningkatan jumlah wistawan yang berkunjung setiap hari, tentu saja membawa dampak antara lain: kegiatan wisatawan yang mengancam konservasi laut, sarana dan prasarana pariwisata yang ada tidak mampu mengakomodasi lonjakan wisatawan yang datang dan sumberdaya manusia yang kurang memadai untuk mengembangkan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat dan berbasis konservasi. Oleh sebab itu, tujuan umum dari program KKN-PPM ini adalah untuk membantu memberdayakan masyarakat agar mampu mengelola pariwisata pesisir yang berbasis masyarakat dan berbasis konservasi lingkungan. Sedangkan tujuan khusus dari kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Peningkatan kualitas sarana dan prasarana dasar kegiatan pariwisata; 2) Peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia dalam memberikan layanan pariwisata; 3) Peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam menjaga sumberdaya alam pesisir pantai Lantebung. Adapun target yang telah dicapai pada kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Pengelolaan Lingkungan, Sampah dan Sanitasi; 2). Pengadaan Sarana Air Bersih; 3) Pembuatan Spot Berfoto Pengunjung; 4). Pembuatan paket wisata bagi pengelola; serta 5). Penyuluhan tentang Konservasi dan Ekowisata dan Penanaman Mangrove. Metode yang digunakan adalah Sosialisasi, Penyuluhan, Pelatihan, Wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner untuk Evaluasi. Dengan pelaksanaan program KKN PPM di Lantebung, maka target luaran yaitu perbaikan sistem lingkungan, Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat (ekonomi), peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat, publikasi jurnal nasional, artikel di Media Massa cetak lokal, peningkatan keterampilan, keberdayaan masyarakat serta menghasilkan kualitas produk yang meningkat, dan meningkatnya kemampuan manajemen dari masyarakat telah tercapai. ABSTRACTLantebung has a 12 hectare mangrove forest which administratively belongs to the Bira Village, Tamalanrea District, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province. With the extent of existing mangroves and located in big cities, namely the city of Makassar, of course gives its own value for this area because it can be an attraction for visitors both local and international tourists, especially with the infrastructure that supports the mangrove ecotourism makes this area as an alternative tourist destination new in the city of Makassar based on natural resources. With the increase in the number of tourists visiting every day, of course the impact will include: tourist activities that threaten marine conservation, existing tourism facilities and infrastructure unable to accommodate the surge of tourists who come and inadequate human resources to develop community-based and conservation-based tourism . Therefore, the general objective of the KKN-PPM program is to help empower the community to be able to manage community-based coastal tourism and environment-based conservation. While the specific objectives of this activity are: 1) Improving the quality of basic facilities and infrastructure of tourism activities; 2) Improving the quality of human resources in providing tourism services; 3) Increasing community participation in protecting the natural resources of the Lantebung coast. The targets achieved in this activity are: 1) Environmental, Garbage and Sanitation Management; 2). Provision of Clean Water Facilities; 3) Making Visitor's Photographed Spot; 4). Making tour packages for managers; and 5). Counseling about Conservation and Ecotourism and Mangrove Planting. The method used is Socialization, Counseling, Training, Interview using a questionnaire for evaluation. With the implementation of the KKN PPM program in Lantebung, the output targets are improvement of the environmental system, increasing community income (economy), increasing community participation, publication of national journals, articles in local print mass media, skills enhancement, community empowerment and resulting in increased product quality, and improved management capabilities of the community have been achieved.

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The 1991 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) for the south coast air basin in California is designed to meet federal and state air quality standards. The direct effects of implementing the plan fall into the following categories: changes in business costs, shifts in the composition and amount of spending, and increases in the quality-of-life amenities. Inputting these effects into an economic and demographic forecasting and simulation model of the basin's economy, that includes business and human migration responses, we predict that up to the year 2000 employment will be increased by the AQMP, whereas real per capita disposable income (as it is traditionally meausred) will decrease. Net increases in employment result because decreases arising from increased costs are offset by net increases from spending changes and the effects of migration arising from amenity benefits derived from improved air quality.

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Comprehensive analysis of air quality is essential to underpin knowledge-based air quality conservation policies and funding decisions by governments and managers. In this paper, air quality change characteristics for the Northern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed using air quality indices. The spatio-temporal pattern of air quality was identified using centroid migration, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial analysis in a geographic information system (GIS). A spatial econometric model was established to confirm the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting air quality. Results showed that air pollution decreased significantly. PM2.5, PM10, and O3 were the primary pollutants. The air quality exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend from January to December, with the highest quality being observed in summer and the lowest during winter. Spatially, the air quality showed an increasing trend from inland to the coast and from north to south, with significant spatial autocorrelation and clustering. Population, energy consumption, temperature, and atmospheric pressure had significant negative impacts on air quality, while wind speed had a positive impact. This study offers an efficient and effective method to evaluate air quality change. The research provides important scientific information necessary for developing future air pollution prevention and control.

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The 2019–2020 summer wildfire event on the east coast of Australia was a series of major wildfires occurring from November 2019 to end of January 2020 across the states of Queensland, New South Wales (NSW), Victoria and South Australia. The wildfires were unprecedent in scope and the extensive character of the wildfires caused smoke pollutants to be transported not only to New Zealand, but also across the Pacific Ocean to South America. At the peak of the wildfires, smoke plumes were injected into the stratosphere at a height of up to 25 km and hence transported across the globe. The meteorological and air quality Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used together with the air quality monitoring data collected during the bushfire period and remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites to determine the extent of the wildfires, the pollutant transport and their impacts on air quality and health of the exposed population in NSW. The results showed that the WRF-Chem model using Fire Emission Inventory (FINN) from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to simulate the dispersion and transport of pollutants from wildfires predicted the daily concentration of PM2.5 having the correlation (R2) and index of agreement (IOA) from 0.6 to 0.75 and 0.61 to 0.86, respectively, when compared with the ground-based data. The impact on health endpoints such as mortality and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases hospitalizations across the modelling domain was then estimated. The estimated health impact on each of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census districts (SA4) of New South Wales was calculated based on epidemiological assumptions of the impact function and incidence rate data from the 2016 ABS and NSW Department of Health statistical health records. Summing up all SA4 census district results over NSW, we estimated that there were 247 (CI: 89, 409) premature deaths, 437 (CI: 81, 984) cardiovascular diseases hospitalizations and 1535 (CI: 493, 2087) respiratory diseases hospitalizations in NSW over the period from 1 November 2019 to 8 January 2020. The results are comparable with a previous study based only on observation data, but the results in this study provide much more spatially and temporally detailed data with regard to the health impact from the summer 2019–2020 wildfires.

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The rapid increase in population growth due to industrialization and urbanization has resulted in air quality deterioration in Pakistan. Consequently, a considerable increase has been seen in the types of sources of air pollutants. However, the air quality of the country has deteriorated in the absence of management capabilities against air quality. Evidence from numerous governmental organizations and international bodies has specified that the environment, health, and quality of life are at high risk due to air pollution. Although the government of Pakistan established the Pakistan Clean Air Program, along with continuous monitoring stations to manage the quality of ambient air, air quality values have not yet been achieved. The present investigations were made in the city of Faisalabad in selected locations. Sampling of a 24 h average was done for selected sites. The air quality parameters such as NO2, SO2, COx, O2, noise level, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were measured at two locations, i.e., Khurrianwala and Liaqatabad in the Faisalabad District. The measured values of air quality parameters were compared with national environmental quality standards (NEQS). Air pollutants such as SPM, SO2, and noise levels were found to be significantly higher than the 24-h standards of NEQS, which poses harmful effects on the quality of air and health, whereas the O2 concentration was found to be lower than the normal values, and NO2 and COx values were normal. The SO2, CO2, noise level, SPM, and O2 values ranged from 418–652 and 423–661 µg/m3, 3.03–3.44 and 3.08–3.51 mg/m3, 68–73 and 69–75 dB, 555–667 and 581–682 µg/m3, and 19.5–20 and 19.5–20.3 % for summer and winter season, respectively, as compared to standard values (150 µg/m3, 10 mg/m3, 65 dB, 550 µg/m3 and 21%). After the complete analysis of the selected locations, it was concluded that the ambient air quality of this area is severely degraded due to industrial as well as other commercial activities. These significant variations in air quality parameters suggest that there is a need to check the air quality regularly to take appropriate measures for reducing ambient air pollutants, especially in industrial areas as well as commercial areas.

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Abstract The problem in this research is still a lack of awareness of beauty salon business owners in registering business units in related institutions (Office of Integrated Licensing Service). Still the low supervision of the business sanitation beauty salon seen from various aspects a) the feasibility of building, B) The quality of clean water, c) waste management, c) sewage control and D) hygiene tools and cosmetic materials. This research aims to describe the business sanitation of the beauty salon in the South Coastal district of Painan. This type of research is quantitative descriptive. The population of this research is the head and employee of the beauty salon in the south coast of 17 people. Data retrieval techniques are using questionnaires that are adjusted in the form of Likert scales that have been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques using percentage and categorizing formulas. Based on the known research results of beauty salon sanitation based on building feasibility of good category with an average value of 14.05, clean water feasibility is good with an average value of 20.11, waste management is good with An average value of 26.05, good waste control with an average value of 18.41 and sanitary beauty salons based on the cleanliness of the cosmetic tool well with an average value of 39.70. It is expected for salon owners and employees to pay more attention to and improve the sanitation of beauty Salona business in Painan South Coast district in all aspects, it is expected to create a clean, comfortable and safe environment from Various diseases arising from the business environment. Keywords: Sanitation, Business Beauty Salon

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Agriculture is the backbone of economic development of country like Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Quantity and quality of production depends on quality of soils, irrigation facilities, quality of seeds, farming methods and time, climate, quality and types of fertilizer and the technologies used. In the recent times, the climate change has been reported to impact highly in the performance of the agriculture sector of these countries. Because of the rise of temperature, there is much concern on food securities and other agricultural issues like the changes in cropping pattern due to changing rainfall pattern thus impacting directly and indirectly to their gross domestic product. The objective of this study was to assess the situations against the climate change perspectives including the soil and water issues and its impacts on agriculture and food security of these communities. It also aimed to examine the local adaptation cases with respect to developing criteria for potential adaptation possibilities at the local community level and to make a comparative study in three locations of South Asia namely Madhuri village, Rupandehi district (foot hills) of Nepal, Vaishali village, Patna State (plains) of India and Harikahali village, Khulna district (sea coast) of Bangladesh. The finding of this study helps to provide policy support in mainstreaming adaptation at the community level in the context of natural resource management for the vulnerable communities of the three locations of SA region, and helps governments, development partners and donors in their planning and implementation of climate change related activities from a long term regional perspectives.

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Batakan Village, Panyipatan District, Tanah Laut Regency is one of the villages in South Kalimantan, which in addition to having natural tourism potential is also a fishing village. This study aims to analyze the impact of solid waste management on batakan beach water quality. Sampling at the location is taken by means of instantaneous sampling (grab sample). A misguided sample or grab sample is a sample taken directly from a body of water that is on the beach. The water quality sampling procedure uses the surface water sampling method in accordance with SNI 6989.57:2008, at the sampling point locations that have been determined purposively. Research parameters in the form of physics, namely temperature and brightness. Chemistry in the form of pH, Do, salinity, TSS, COD and BOD. Based on the results of water quality measurements obtained several parameters that meet the water quality standards for marine biota, namely the research parameters in the form of physics, namely temperature and brightness. Chemistry in the form of pH, DO, salinity, COD and BOD. Meanwhile, TSS does not meet the standards of the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 51 in 2004.

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ABSTRACT Coal mining can have positive and negative impacts on the environment. The positive effects include providing new employment opportunities and increasing regional income as well as foreign exchange. In comparison, negative consequences could be the changes in the environment's quality and sustainability, caused by the formation of ex-mining pits and acid mine drainage, which reduce the quality of surrounding soil and water. This study aimed to determine the water quality of the ex-mining ponds at the Antasena Pit, Satui Mine, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan. This research measured the ponds' water quality directly on site. Meanwhile, the water samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. The laboratory analyzes showed that, in general, the physicochemical and biological parameters were under Class 1 Water Quality Standards of the Government Regulation Number 82 the Year 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. Keywords : coal mining, ex-mining ponds, pond water quality ABSTRAK Penambangan batubara dapat memberikan dampak positif dan negatif terhadap lingkungan. Dampak positif tersebut antara lain membuka lapangan kerja baru dan meningkatkan pendapatan daerah serta devisa negara. Sedangkan dampak negatifnya adalah terjadinya perubahan kualitas dan kelestarian lingkungan akibat terbentuknya lubang bekas tambang dan timbulnya air asam tambang yang menurunkan kualitas tanah dan air di sekitarnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas air kolam bekas penambangan di Pit Antasena, Tambang Satui, Kecamatan Kintap, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. Kualitas air kolam diukur langsung di lokasi dan sampel air diambil dan dianalisis di laboratorium. Analisis laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa secara umum parameter fisika-kimiawi dan biologi telah sesuai dengan Standar Kualitas Air Kelas 1 sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Kata kunci : tambang batu bara, kolam bekas tambang, kualitas air kolam.

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The current U.S. emission control requirements for on-road motor vehicles are driven by the ozone problem in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) in southern California. Based on ozone modeling performed for Air Quality Management Plans (AQMPs), the SoCAB ozone attainment plan requires large (>80%) amounts of emission reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from current levels with more modest (~40%) controls on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). The shelter in place orders in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an immediate reduction in emissions, but instead of ozone being reduced, in 2020 the SoCAB saw some of the highest observed ozone levels in decades. We used the abrupt emissions reductions from 2019 to 2020 caused by COVID-19 to conduct a dynamic model evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate whether the models used to develop ozone control plans can correctly simulate the ozone response to the emissions reductions. Ozone modeling was conducted for three scenarios: 2019 Base, 2020 business-as-usual (i.e., without COVID reductions), and 2020 COVID. We found that modeled ozone changes between 2019 and 2020 were generally consistent with the observed ozone changes. We determined that meteorology played the major role in the increases in ozone between 2019 and 2020; however, the reduction in NOX emissions also caused ozone increases in Los Angeles County and into western San Bernardino County, with more widespread ozone decreases further to the east.

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Environmental contextThe export of various man-made pollutants from northern India has a large impact on aerosol formation processes, their transformations and regional environmental chemistry over tropical peninsular India. The quantitative source apportionment of organic aerosols performed in this study provides a better understanding of their sources and implications for climate and air-quality management policies in South Asia. AbstractThis study highlights seasonal characteristics, sources, daytime (sea-breeze) and night-time (land-breeze) variations of carbonaceous and water-soluble ionic components in PM10 (<10µm particulate matter) aerosols from the east coast (Chennai city) of tropical India. Elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) were found to be higher in winter when air masses were delivered from the northern part of India covered by the Indo-Gangetic-Plains whereas lower concentrations were observed during summer and monsoon associated with marine air masses. Sea salts (Na+ and Cl–), dust (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and nitrates (NO3–) were found to be highest in monsoon, suggesting these species may be co-transported over the sampling site with marine air masses. Using air mass back-trajectory analysis, linear relationships between chemical species and specific mass ratios, we demonstrate that east coast urban aerosols are strongly influenced by aged anthropogenic sources including biomass burning in winter and post monsoon while aged marine emissions mixed with local pollutants (dust and vehicular) are important in monsoon and summer. Further, the mesoscale phenomenon was reflected in measured chemical constituents during the study period. Positive-matrix-factorisation (PMF) analysis confirmed that OC aerosols are largely attributable to chemically aged anthropogenic (53% in the day and 39% in the night) and combustion-derived (17% and 39%) sources in winter and sea salts mixed with dust and vehicular emissions (61% and 52%) during monsoon. These important insights about the sources and formation processes of organic aerosols will help in understanding the formation of atmospheric brown clouds over south Asia.

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From the scope according to the teaching function of the Social Sciences seems clear concept (Expanding Communnity Approach) which starts from the things nearest to the students (families) to the further (global). The fact that the case is still much do teachers in the field, a learning process that dominates without regard to the basic ability of students, (Teacher Contered) without involving students actively in it . In general problem in this research is the extent to which the effectiveness of the inquiry model of ' social' can improve learning outcomes of students in the Social Sciences in the sixth grade at SDN 12 Jurai Limes Tower District IV District, the South Coast, in the academic year 2013/2014? This type of research is classroom action research (classroom action research), which has the ultimate objective is to improve the quality of learning in schools, educational relevance, quality of the education, education management efficiency. The research location is in the sixth grade at SDN 12 Limes Tower District IV Jurai, South Coastal District , the school year 2013/2014 . research subjects are students of class VI SDN 12 Limes Tower , Genab the semester, academic year 2013/2014. The final goal of teaching social studies is the formation of the learner as an intelligent social actors (Socially Intelligent Actor) which is formed from a touch of pedagogy . Based on the research showed an increase in the quality of students in the sixth grade value SDN No. 12 Limes Tower, in the academic year 2013/2014, the graph continues to rise, excellent 61%, good 9.5% and quite 23% and increased sense of solidarity between friends, group shows real changes that have an impact on everyday life including relationships with people such as interviews and visits. Of the overall activities carried out can be concluded that the model of the inquiry socially very suitable to be applied to examine the social phenomena that arise in the community, a fact primary school age children third grade had been able to carry out the stages of the inquiry by the hypothesis as the direction in problem solving and uses the fact as a hypothesis.

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The problem in this study is that the development in Sijungkang Village is not in accordance with village funds given to the village government, where the existing development in the village is of poor quality such as footpaths and water ropes. With village funds, the amount of development in the village should be of high quality and durable, but the reality of the village development is that there are several buildings that have been damaged for a year, such as footpaths and water ropes. The formulation of the problem in this study is, "how to use village funds as infrastructure in Sijungkang Village, Angkola Timur District, South Tapanuli Regency and what are the supporting and inhibiting factors in Village Financial Management as Community Empowerment in Sijungkang Village, Angkola Timur District, South Tapanuli District. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods that aim to give a clear picture of a phenomenon or social reality relating to the problem under study. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of village financial management as community empowerment in the village of Sijungkang, Angkola Timur District, South Tapanuli Regency has not been effective, because it is seen from the indicators that it is transparent, accountable, participatory and orderly and budgetary discipline. Among the four indicators above which are less effective, there is no transparency from the manager. So that the people did not know how much village funds were received and intended. Keywords: Effectiveness, Financial Management, Village Funds. AbstrakPermasalahan dalam penelitian ini bahwa pembangunan yang ada di Desa Sijungkang tidak sesuai dengan dana desa yang diberikan kepada pemerintah desa, dimana pembangunan yang ada di desa tersebut kualitasnya kurang bagus seperti jalan setapak, dan tali air. Mestinya dengan dana desa sebesar itu pembangunan yang ada di desa tersebut seharusnya berkualitas dan tahan lama tetapi realitanya pembangunan desa tersebut ada beberapa bangunan yang baru setahun sudah mengalami kerusakan seperti jalan setapak dan tali air. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah, “bagaimana penggunaan dana desa sebagai infrastruktur di Desa Sijungkang Kecamatan Angkola Timur Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan dan Apa saja faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa sebagai Pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Sijungkang Kecamatan Angkola Timur Kabubaten Tapanuli Selatan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif yang bertujuan memberi gambaran secara jelas suatu fenomena atau kenyataan sosial yang berkenaan dengan masalah yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas pengelolaan keuangan desa sebagai pemberdayaan masyarakat di desa Sijungkang Kecamatan Angkola Timur Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan belum efektif, karena dilihat dari indikatorya itu transparan, akuntabel, partisipatif dan tertib dan disiplin anggaran. Diantara keempat indikator di atas yang kurang efektif yaitu tidak ada tranparansi dari pihak pengelola. Sehingga masyarakat tidak mengetahui berapa dana desa yang diterima dan diperuntukkannya.Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, Pengelolaan Keuangan, Dana Desa.

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Sungai Ogan merupakan sumber air bagi intake PDAM Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu. Kenyataan tersebut, dipandang perlu untuk menentukan evaluasi kualitas air Sungai Ogan yang bersifat kompleks dengan melibatkan banyak parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap badan air serta perlu merumuskan strategi pengendalian pencemaan air yang perlu dilakukan. Penggunaan indeks kualitas air dapat mempermudah penentuan kualitas badan air serta mempermudah juga dalam pemberian informasi kepada pihak yang membutuhkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan status mutu air dan strategi pengendalian pencemaran air sungai Ogan Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling dengan menggunaan perhitungan indeks pencemaran air di 5 titik lokasi sampling. Penentuan status mutu air menggunakan metode indeks pencemaran menurut Kepmen LH 115/2003. Parameter yang diamati dan diukur ada 10 paramater dengan menggunakan metode Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) pengukuran kualitas air dan limbah, Menurut Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan No 16/2005 meliputi sifat fisika, kimia dan biologi dari badan air sungai yaitu suhu, kekeruhan, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, Nitrat, Phospat, MBAS dan Fecal Coliform. Hasil yang didapatkan Status mutu air dengan menggunakan indeks pencemaran stasiun 1-5. termasuk dalam kategori tercemar ringan dengan kisaran nilai 1,3 – 2,3. Strategi pengendalian pencemaran sungai dapat dilakukan dengan pengurangan beban pencemaran yaitu dengan melibatkan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan lingkungan sungai dan perlu melakukan efektifitas pengelolaan dan manajemen IPAL yang lebih baik yang lebih melibatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam teknis pengelolaannya, serta perlunya pemantauan rutin kualitas air sungai dan memetakan sumber-sumber pencemar potensial pada setiap lokasi sehingga permasalahan akan cepat teratasi.The Ogan River is a source of water for the intake of the Ogan Komering Ulu Regency PDAM. This fact is deemed necessary to determine the evaluation of the water quality of the Ogan River which is complex by involving many parameters that affect the water body and needs to formulate a water pollution control strategy that needs to be done. The use of a water quality index can facilitate the determination of the quality of water bodies and also facilitate the provision of information to those in need. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of water quality and the control strategy of Ogan Komering Ulu District water pollution. The method used in this study was purposive sampling method by using the calculation of the water pollution index in 5 sampling locations. Determination of water quality status using the pollution index method according to Kepmen LH 115/2003. The parameters observed and measured were 10 parameters using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method of measuring water and waste quality, According to the Governor of South Sumatra Regulation No. 16/2005 covering physical, chemical and biological properties of river water bodies namely temperature, turbidity, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, Nitrate, Phosphate, MBAS and Fecal Coliform. Results obtained status of water quality by using station pollution index 1-5. included in the category of light polluted with a range of values 1.3 - 2.3. River pollution control strategies can be carried out by reducing pollution load, namely by involving the community in managing the river environment and need to make better management and management of WWTPs that are more involved community in its technical management, as well as the need for regular monitoring of river water quality and mapping potential pollutant sources at each location so that problems will be quickly resolved

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Abstrak. Kalsium dan etilen diketahui pada penelitian terdahulu dapat meningkatkan kualitas hasil nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), namun perlu penelitian untuk memvalidasi hasil penelitian di tempat yang lain. Beberapa petani membudidayakan nanas di pesisir selatan Malang yang relatif kering dan panas. Kalsium klorida (sebagai sumber kalsium) dan Ethephon (sebagai etilen sintetik) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kapan waktu aplikasi CaCl2 yang tepat, takaran dosisCaCl2 dan kapan waktu aplikasi ethephon yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari buah nanas di daerah kering dan panas di Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bulan oktober 2019 – Maret 2020 di Ngajum, Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Petak Petak Terbagi dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama ialah waktu aplikasi CaC12 yang terdiri dari 3 taraf (100 hsp, 130 hsp, 100 hsp + 130 hsp). Anak petak ialah dosis CaC12 yang terdiri dari 3 taraf (55 kg ha-', 80 kg ha-' dan 105 kg ha-'). Anak-anak petak ialah dosis ethephon yang terdiri dari 2 taraf (0 L ha-1 dan 3 L ha-1). Parameter pengamatan yang diamati yaitu panjang buah, bobot buah, dan kadar air buah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara dosis dan waktu aplikasi CaCl2 terhadap kadar air buah. Aplikasi CaCl2 secara mandiri menghasilkan bobot buah yang berbeda nyata dan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Aplikasi Ethephon tidak mempengaruhi komponen dan kualitas hasil nanas.Kata Kunci : Buah nanas, CaCl2, Ethephon. Abstract. Calcium and ethylene were known in previous study to improve the yield quality of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), but it is necessary to validate those research in another place. Farmers cultivated pineapple in south coast of Malang which are relatively dry and hot. Calcium chloride (as a source of calcium) and Ethephon (as synthetic ethylene) were used in this study. This study aims to find the correct application time of CaCl2, CaCl2 dosage, and ethephon application to improve the quality of pineapple fruit in dry and hot climates of Malang District. This research was conducted in October 2019 - March 2020 in Ngajum, Malang Regency. The research used Split Split Plot Design with 3 replications. The main plot was the application times of CaC12 which consisted of 3 levels (100 hsp, 130 hsp, and 100 hsp + 130 hsp). The subplot was the doses of CaC12 which consisted of 3 levels ( 55 kg ha-', 80 kg ha-' and 105 kg ha-'). The sub-subplots was ethephon doses which consisted of 2 levels (0 L ha-1 and 3 L ha-1). The observed parameters were fruit length, fruit weight, and fruit moisture content. The results showed that there were interaction effect between doses and application times of of CaCl2 on fruit moisture content. Single effect of CaCl2 affected fruit weights significantly, greater than control. Single effect of Ethephon did not affect the yield components and quality of pineapple.Keywords : CaCl2, Ethephon, Pineapple.

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PENGARUH FAKTOR – FAKTOR PARTISIPASI TERHADAP TINGKAT PARTISIPASI PETANI ANGGOTA P3A DALAM KEGIATAN PENGELOLAAN SALURAN IRIGASI BANTIMURUNGEffect Of Participation Factors On Level Of Farmers Participation Of P3A Members In Management Activities Of Bantimurung Saluran Irigation, Rizky Putriani *, A. N. Tenriawaru, A. Amrullah.Program Studi Agribisnis, Departemen Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian,Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.*Kontak Penulis: Rizkyputriani@gmail.com AbstractThe agricultural sector has an important and strategic role in national development, including national food supply. The needs of farmers for irrigation water are increasing along with the demands to produce quality crops. The participation of P3A members in managing tertiary irrigation networks will help increase agricultural production. This study aims to: 1) Analize the level of farmer participation in irrigation channel management activities, in Alatengae Village, Bantimurung Subdistrict, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, and 2) Analize the influence on participation factors with the level of participation of P3A farmers, in Alatengae Village, Bantimurung District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. This study used a qualitative-quantitative approach with a research location in Alatengae Village, Bantimurung District, Maros Regency. The results of the study concluded that: 1). Farmer Participation Levels of P3A Members in Irrigation Management Activities at each stage of P3A Mattirioalie (Hulu) and P3A Sitiroang Deceng (Central) in the Medium category, which means that they have not been able to realize full awareness of the importance of irrigation management, while Saromase (Downstream) P3A in the high category. 2). Factors that significantly influence the level of farmer respondents' participation in the P3A group in Alatengae Village are age factors, number of dependents, experience of farming, land area, distance of residence from irrigation channels, distance of paddy fields from irrigation channels. and factors that did not significantly influence the Education Level factor. Keywords: P3A farmers; Participation; Irrigation. AbstrakSektor pertanian mempunyai peranan penting dan strategis dalam pembangunan nasional, diantaranya adalah penyediaan pangan nasional. Kebutuhan petani akan air irigasi kian bertambah seiring dengan tuntutan untuk menghasilkan hasil panen yang berkualitas. Partisipasi anggota P3A dalam mengelola jaringan irigasi tersier akan membantu peningkatan produksi pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) Menganalisis Tingkat partisipasi petani dalam kegiatan pengelolaan saluran irigasi , di Desa Alatengae, Kecamatan Bantimurung, Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan, dan 2) Menganalisis pengaruh antara faktor-faktor partisipasi dengan tingkat partisipasi petani P3A, di Desa Alatengae, Kecamatan Bantimurung, Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-kuantitatif dengan lokasi penelitian di Desa Alatengae, Kecamatan Bantimurung, Kabupaten Maros. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa: 1). Tingkat Partisipasi Petani Anggota P3A dalam Kegiatan Pengelolaan Irigasi di tiap tahap pada P3A Mattirioalie (Hulu) dan P3A sitiroang Deceng (Tengah) masih dalam kategori Sedang. Sedangkan Tingkat Partisipasi pada P3A Saromase (Hilir) berada pada kategori yang tinggi. 2). Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi secara signifikan tingkat partisipasi petani responden kelompok P3A di Desa Alatengae yaitu faktor umur, Jumlah tanggungan, Pengalaman Berusahatani, Luas Lahan, Jarak Tempat Tinggal dari Saluran Irigasi, Jarak Sawah dari Saluran Irigasi. dan adapun faktor-faktor yang tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan yaitu faktor Tingkat Pendidikan. Kata Kunci: Petani P3A; Partisipasi; Irigasi.

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This study aimed at formulating the strategy proposed to the District Agency of Tourism and Culture of Central Lombok to increase tourist visits. This research is using a qualitative approach within case studies. Informants were selected through purposive sampling. Two informants were selected from the Agency of Tourism and Culture of Central Lombok; namely the Head of Agency and the Field Head of Marketing and Promotion. The research showed that the findings obtained from the analysis using SWOT and data reduction, the tourism in the south coast of Central Lombok has good strength and opportunity. The research recommends that in increasing numbers tourist visits the Agency of Tourism and Culture of Central Lombok conduct four better strategies namely forward integration (increasing control of tourist suppliers), market penetration (intensive promotion), concentric diversification (add tourism products such as water sports, traditional restaurants, hotels), and product development (current products modification). Since there were still problems in Human Resource, the Agency of Tourism and Culture of Central Lombok should pay more attention to human resources by developing human resource products.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan usulan strategi bagi Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Lombok Tengah untuk meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi kasus. Informan dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Dua informan dipilih dari Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Lombok Tengah yaitu Kepala Dinas dan Kepala Bidang Pemasaran dan Promosi. Dari temuan penelitian yang telah dianalisa menggunakan alat analisis SWOT kemudian melakukan reduksi data, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, pariwisata di kawasan pantai selatan Lombok Tengah memiliki kekuatan dan peluang yang cukup besar, dan penelitian merekomendasikan dalam usaha meningkatkan angka kunjungan wisatawan, Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Lombok Tengah sebaiknya melakukan empat strategi yaitu Integrasi ke depan (meningkatkan kendali atas pemasok wisatawan), Penetrasi pasar (melakukan promosi dengan gencar), Diversifikasi Konsentrik (menambah produk-produk wisata seperti olah raga air, restoran khas, hotel), dan Pengembangan Produk (modifikasi produk saat ini). Selanjutnya karena masih terdapat masalah pada SDM, Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Lombok Tengah harus memberi perhatian lebih terhadap sumber daya manusia dengan melakukan pengembangan produk SDMKeywords :SWOT Analysis, Strategy Formulation, Strategic management, Tourism

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The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is escalating at an alarming rate with every passing year alongside the modernization of our economy. Unfortunately, the majority of this waste remains uncollected or ends up in open dumping and followed by uncontrolled burning. Citing the deep-rooted consequences, open dumping should be absolutely abandoned and scientific interventions should be aggressively exercised to reclaim the municipal brownfields. The present research work undertook the judicial task of assessing the comparative feasibility of biomining and scientific capping as a technology selection for reclamation of about a decade old 120 million tons of waste chunk laying at Jawahar Nagar dump yard. Primary dump samples were collected from various locations, considering depth as a variable. While leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Malkaram lake and preinstalled borewells receptively. Additionally, the ambient air quality and noise level also been ascertained within the buffer zone. The blended representative solid sample was segregated using a 70 mm mesh size trommel into organic and inorganic fractions. The organic fraction was composted using a lab-scale aerobic static pile composting (ASPC) while the trommel reject was processed as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Evidently, the compost lagged quality and depicted nutrient deficiency. While the burning of RDF produced siloxane gas, significantly due to elevated silicon level in the primary waste. Furthermore, due to the prolonged leaching tenure and seasonal dilution, the concentration of legacy leachate was relatively weaker. Borewell samples collected from a depth of 20 feet also portrayed minor contamination up to 500 meters horizontal radius. The issue of leachability can solely be resolved with the capping of the existing dump and the end product quality derived from the biomining process is highly questionable. Thus, handling such large quantity capping is a befitting option over biomining for Jawahar Nagar dumpsite. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the generation of MSW has been increasing tremendously and also expected to continue a similar trend in the future (Scott, 1995; Bhat et al., 2017; Sethurajan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018). Annually, the comprehensive urban MSW generation in India is more than 62 million tons. Metro cities are the mammoth contributor of the entire chunk and waste production had already reached an alarming figure of 50,000 tonnes/day. While the waste generation from the tier 2 cities is also rigorously escalating and presently contribute up to 20,000 tones/day (Sharma et al., 2018). A study conducted by the central pollution control board (CPCB) revealed MSW generation in India is increasing at a distressing rate of 5 % per annum with a sharp escalation in the quantities of domestic hazardous waste (Sharma et al., 2018). With major financial constraints, inefficacy of collection, treatment, and disposal incurs further reasons to worry. So far India has miserably failed to set up wholesome source segregation and collection method. Presently, the country spends more than 60% of its annual waste management budget only in collection. Besides, only 20% or less of the collected materials are scientifically handled and treated. Citing the statistics, it is evident that the majority of the MSW is simply gets dumped on the low laying grounds located somewhere on the outskirts of the cities. The precipitation, infiltration, surface water runoff, bird menace, rodent interference etc. triggers the vulnerability of waste and leads to mal odor, ground and surface water contamination, human and environmental health deterioration (Jayawardhana et al., 2016). Further, the perseverance of the inorganic and inert fractions leads to soil contamination, poses a fire threat, and also may incur carcinogenicity and acute toxicity among the animals (Mir et al., 2021). There are numerous techniques for the reclamation and remediation of the dumpsites, includes processes such as capping and closure, in-situ vitrification, sub-surface cut-off walls, and waste biomining (Chakrabarti and Dubey, 2015; Thakare and Nandi, 2016). Waste biomining is a stable way to get rid of the entire range of problems associated with open dumping and reclaim valuable land (Kaksonen et al., 2017). There are several instances including reclamation of Mumbai Gorai dump yard by IL & FS Environment, 70 – 80 years old 12,00,000 tons of dump clearance by Nagar Nigam Indore within a minute span of 3 years and many more. But the process of biomining is highly sensitive and case-specific. The success of the process solely depends on factors such as characteristics of the waste, efficacy of the effective microorganism culture, acceptability of the processed end product at the local market etc. (Jerez, 2017; Banerjee et al., 2017; Venkiteela, 2020). Contrarily, though the scientific capping is not an end-to-end solution but still advisable in the cases where the quantity of waste is gigantic, land scarcity is prevalent, no nearby industries to consume the end products etc. Mehta et al. (2018) have also supported the above claim based on the assessment of locations specific MSW dump reclamation case studies. While in another Nagpur-based case study conducted by Ashootosh et al. (2020) reported the superiority of the biominingprocess over simple land capping due to the favorability of the local conditions. Capping eliminates the environmental interference and thereby reduces biosphere contamination and leachate generation. Further, it captivates rodent and vector breeding and thereby curtails the spreading of communicable diseases and improves aesthetics. But right consolidation through compaction and execution is utmost necessary in the above case. As non-compaction and faulty sloping will easily lead to heavy settlement and slope failure (Berkun et al., 2005; Al-Ghouti et al., 2021). The present study has been pursued with the primary objective to run a techno-commercial assessment between scientific capping and biomining. While the secondary objective was to ascertain the level of contamination and propose mitigative measures. MATERIALS AND METHODStudy Area Spanning over 350 acres of a precious piece of land at the outskirts of Hyderabad city, Jawahar Nagar dumping yard was brutally utilized by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) for open dumping for a prolonged tenure of 10 years. It housed nearly 12 lakh metric tons of heterogeneous solid and domestic hazardous waste and continues polluting until 2015, until the Ramky group was offered to cap the legacy dumping and scientifically handle the site. The present study has been facilitated at Hyderabad Municipal Solid Waste Limited, formerly known as Jawahar Nagar dump yard to analyze and assess the feasibility of bio-mining as handling and management alternate to the existing practice of scientific capping. The epicenter of processing and disposal facility is lying approximately on the cross-section of 17°31'24.45"N and 78°35'23.37"E. As per the contract, the comprehensive legacy dumping to be capped in three phases over about 150 acres of area and Ramky has significantly entered the phase two of the operation only within a span of five years by successfully capping more than half of the legacy footprint. Sampling Methodology The waste pile was divided into three layers namely, base, middle, and top. A uniform amount of sample was collected from the successive layers of all five different corners which cover north, south, east, west, and central of the garbage pile. Sampling inspections were performed using a manual auger besides large samples were collected using a JCB excavator. The top six-inch layer of the pile was removed to avoid any contamination while collecting the samples and 5-10 kg of sample was collected from each of the locations. Further, intermediate and bottom layer samples were collected by digging a 500 mm diameter hole through the heap. A composite was prepared by a hom*ogenized blending of all the fifteen grub samples. The blend was distributed into four equal quadrants and the top and bottom quadrants were eliminated diagonally while the left-over quadrants were mixed thoroughly. This process was repeated until a sample of the required bulk of 20 kg is obtained. Surface and subsurface water samples from borewell were collected in and around the facility. Piezometric monitoring borewells located near the landfills were utilized for the subsurface sample collection. While a rainwater pond turned leachate lake named Malkaram was determined as the primary source for leachate collection. Buffer samples were collected from Ambedkar Nagar, the nearby colony exiting at a distance of only 300 meters. Lab-scale Experimentation The representative sample was characterized for composition and further screened through a 70 mm mesh size trommel. The trommel permeate was considered as the organic fraction while the reject was mostly inorganics and inert. The organics were subjected to ASPC. The quantity of the air required is arrived using the method delineated below (Figure 1). MSW Pile size: 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m Volume of pile: 0.5 m3 Average Density of MSW: 620 Kg/m3 Weight of pile: 310 Kg Nitrogen required for matured compost: 9300 mg/kg dry : 9300 X 310 mg : 2.88 x 106 mg : 2.88 Kg Total air required: 2.88 x 100/76 [as Nitrogen in air is 76% by weight] : 3.79 Kg of dry air : 3.79/1.225 m3 [@ 15 deg C density of air 1.225 kg/m3] : 3.1 m3 This air is to be supplied for 100 min / day for 0.5 m pile Air flow rate required: 3.1 x 60/100 = 1.86 m3/h (for practical purpose a flowrate of 2 m3/h was maintained). The maturation period was considered as 28 days and post-maturation, the stabilized material was further cured for 24 hours and screened using 12 mm and 4 mm trommel respectively to obtain the desired product quality and particle size. Whereas, the trommel reject was evenly spreader on the copper trays and dried in an oven at 1050C for 2 hours. The dried material was micronized to the size of 50 mm or below using a scissor and inert such as glass, sand, stone etc. were segregated manually (Mohan and Joseph, 2020). Concurrently, a bench-scale capped landfill prototype was built using the below-mentioned procedure to evaluate the factors such as settlement and slope stability. A 30 mm thick low permeable soil was laid on the top of the waste, followed by a 60 mm layer of compacted clay liner (CCL). Each join between successive liner material was closely monitored. A 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner was placed on the top of the CCL. A 285 GSM geotextile membrane was placed as the successive above layer followed by a 15 mm thick drainage media layer. A further layer of geotextile membrane was placed on top of the drainage media for better stabilization, grip, and strength. The top vegetative soil layer of 45 mm thickness was laid off on top of the geotextile media and St. Augustine grass was rooted (Cortellazzo et al., 2020; Ashford et al., 2000). 2.4 Sample Analysis pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity of the samples were analyzed using pH, EC-TDS, and Nephelometer of Mettler Toledo. The pH meter was calibrated with the buffer solution of 4.0, 7.0 & 9.12 at a controlled temperature. EC-TDS meter was calibrated with 0.1 M KCL having 12.8 mS/cm of conductivity. Nephelometer was calibrated with Formazine solution of 10 & 100 NTU. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) was performed using the gravimetric method at 1800C in the oven. Titrimetric parameters such as Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L), Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L), Chloride as Cl- (mg/L), Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L), Residual Free Chlorine (RFC), (mg/L) were analyzed using APHA (American Public Health Associations) method, 23rd Edition, 2017. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) and Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) were performed through distillation followed by titration with H2SO4 as a titrant. Sulphide as S2- was done with the Iodometric method after distillation. Each titrimetric parameter was analyzed in triplicate after standardizing the titrant with required reagents and crossed checked by keeping a check standard. Sodium as Na (mg/L) and Potassium as K (mg/L) were performed using Flame Photometer. The photometer was calibrated with different standards from 10 to 100 (mg/L) standard solutions. The leachate sample was diluted enough to get the value within the standard range and cross-checked with check standards at the same time. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg/L) was performed using the open reflux method for 2 hours at 1500C in COD Digestor. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg/L) was performed using the alkali iodide azide method for 3 days. The samples were kept in a BOD incubator at 270C for 3 days. It was kept in duplicate to have a check on quality control. Sulphate was analyzed by the gravimetric method instead of turbidimetric or through UV-Visible spectrophotometer as its concentration was found more than 40 mg/L. Nitrate as NO3- was analyzed after filtration at 220-275 nm, while Hexavalent Chromium as Cr6+ was analyzed at 540 nm in the UV-Vis. Parameters like Cyanide as CN-, Fluoride as F-, and Phenolic Compounds were gone through a distillation process followed by UV-Vis. The distillation process ensures the removal of interferences presents either positive or negative. For the parameters like Total Iron or Ferric Iron, the samples were digested properly with the required reagents on the hot plate before analyzing in UV-Vis. For the metal analysis the water samples were digested at a temperature of 1000C using aqua regia as a media. The samples were digested to one-fourth of the volume on a hot plate. The recommended wavelengths as per APHA 3120 B were selected for each of the metals. The standard graph was plotted for each of the metals before analysis and crossed checked with the check standard at the same time. Parameters such as bulk density and particle size were performed through the certified beaker and sieve. The percentage of moisture content was estimated using the oven by keeping the compost sample for 2 hours at 1050C. C/N ratio was estimated through CHNS analyzer keeping sulfanilamide as a check standard. The analysis was performed by extracting the desired component in the desired solution prescribed in the method followed by converting the same from mg/L to mg/Kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An exhaustive bench-study has been pursued and real-time samples were collected and analyzed for all possible parameters to determine the pros and cons attributed to both processes. The investigation begins by collecting the samples and concluded by impact assessment studies inclusive of the buffer zone. Both solid, liquid, and gaseous samples were precisely investigated to opt for the best solution. A detailed finding of the investigation is summarized below. Primarily, the representative solid sample was characterized through a manual separation process and the results are portrayed in Figure 1. Compost Characterization ASPC of the organic fraction has resulted in a recovery of 46.7% of the initial load. While 53.3% of the influent mass were inert and barely degradable fraction contributes to reject, the rest 4.1% is miscellaneous process loss. The processed compost was extensively analyzed including for metal contamination and the same is tabulated in Table 1. The value of C/N ratio, OC, TN, K2O, P2O5, and NPK evidently portrays the shortcoming in terms of nutrient availability. Though it is highly enriched in organic carbon and thus the same can be effectively utilized as a soil preconditioner. Ayilara et al. (2020) also reported a similar finding, where the city compost sourced from MSW lagged major plant nutrients. RDF Characterization Processed trommel rejects constitute cloth, rexine, leather, jute, paper, plastics, coir and other inert contributed to RDF. The fraction of inert was as high as 37.2% of the overall RDF mass and it mostly constituted glass and sand. The combined weight of sand and glass fragments contributed 73.5% of the total inert, while the rest was stone and small brickbats. The higher level of silicon associated with the presence of glass and sand yielded siloxane and triggered the possibility of kiln corrosion. A detailed RDF analysis report is enclosed in Table 2. The values explicitly portray the quality of RDF is moderately lower and higher salts concentration is extremely prevalent. With relatively lower NCV and such high salt concentration, the above specimen will certainly pose a corrosion threat to the kiln and shall be either neglected as kiln feed or can be utilized after dilution with Grade III RDF quality. Further, such high ash generation will also induct high transportation and landfill charges. Leachate Characterization The Malkaram leachate lake is the end result of prolonged, slow, and steady mixing of the legacy leachate through the existing fissure cracks in the sheath rock bottom profile. Apparently, the concentration of leachate is significantly lower due to the dilution. Samples were analyzed in triplicates and the mean value is tabulated here in Table 3. The metal concertation and rest of the parameter values are well within the secondary treatment influent range, except for TDS. Thus, a modular aerobic biological treatment unit such as moving bed biofilm bioreactor (MBBR) or membrane bioreactor (MBR) would be a well-suited pick. However, a reverse osmosis (RO) system needs to be installed to get rid of the high TDS content. The permeate of RO can be reused back into the system. Whereas, the reject can be converted into dried powder through forced evaporation mechanisms. The higher concentration of salts in RDF collaterally justifies the elevated TDS level in leachate. In a leachate impact assessment study performed by El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) the reported BOD/COD ratio of 0.69 is greater than double the value of 0.301 reported in Table 3. Though the difference in both the values are quite high, it is relatable and justifiable by the huge age difference of the source waste. The primarily characterized data is of a fresh leachate generated from regular MSW, while the later one is from a decade old waste that barely has any unstabilized organic content. Groundwater Contamination The obvious reason for downward leachate infiltration and osmotic movement facilitates groundwater contamination. Both surface and subsurface water samples were collected within the dump yard and the buffer zone and analyzed using the standard methods. The results are portrayed in Table 4. The slightly alkaline pH of the borewell sample is an indication of the ongoing anaerobic process. The dissolved oxygen value of 3.5 mg/L further validates the correlation. Higher TDS and hardness values are self-indicative of elevated salt concentration in source waste. Eventually, the same interfered with the RDF quality. Positively in the case of all the parameters, a successive decrement in pollution concentration has been spotted from dump ground towards the buffer zone. In a similar study conducted by Singh et al. (2016) at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh the reported concentration of the parameters is significantly higher than reported in Table 4. The basic reason behind variation is the dissimilarities of the local soil profile. The sandy and clay loam soil profile of Varanasi allows a greater rate of percolation and infiltration. While the bottom sheath rock profile at Jawahar Nagar permits the only a minute to little percolation rate. The difference in percolation rate is directly correlated to the concentration levels in this case. Contrarily, Kurakalva et al. (2016) have reported much-elevated pollutant concertation both in ground and surface water for a study conducted at the same site in 2016. The higher concentration is relatable to the fact of the non-closure of the open dump back then. Capping activity had at Jawahar Nagar gained its pace 2018 onwards and capping for the primary section of 70 acres got concluded only during mid of 2019. Due to the decrement in runoff and percolation, the quality of both surface and subsurface water has improved drastically. Impact Assessment The odor and groundwater contamination are two of the primary issues that triggered a massive public agitation initially. The root causes of both the issues are identified as rainwater percolation and anaerobic digestion respectively. Eventually, the completion of the capping process would resolve both the problems effectively. Other non-tangential impacts include nausea; headache; irritation of the eye, nasal cavity, and throat; diarrhoeal diseases; vector-borne disease, cattle toxicity etc. Scientific capping can easily cater as the wholesome solution for all (Cortellazzo et al., 2020). Yu et al. (2018) had performed an extensive study to comprehend the relativity of respiratory sickness and MSW borne air pollution. The study made a couple of dreadful revelations such as gases released due to the anaerobic digestion of MSW such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia incur detrimental impact on Lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). While SO2 was reported as the lung capacity and functionality reducer. Further, a gender-specific study executed by the same research group revealed, air pollution impacts more severely on male children than the female and retards immune functions. Presently, the area of 351 acres has been developed as Asia’s one of the largest state of the art municipal solid waste processing and disposal facility by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited. This ensured zero dumping and no further environmental interventions. As legal compliance, the facility monitors the quality of groundwater and ambient air quality in and around the facility on monthly basis to assure the biosafety. The variation in concentration of various monitoring parameters between 2012 to 2020 is summarized in Figure 2. The concentration of each of the parameters are showcased in ppm and a standard equipment error was settled at 3% for respirable dust sampler and multi-gas analyzer (Taheri et al., 2014). Despite all parameter values have gradually increased except for methane, the facility still managed to maintain them well under the regulatory limits. The decrement in methane concentration is directly correlated to the practice of aerobic composting and aeration-based secondary treatment that prevented the formation of the anaerobic atmosphere and henceforth methane generation. While for the rest of the parameters the increment in values is quite substantial and predictable due to the sudden escalation in MSW generation in the past decade in correlation with Gross domestic product (GDP) enhancement. The observed and interpreted impacts due to the elevated pollutant level are in-line with the georeferenced findings reported by Deshmukh and Aher (2016) based on a study conducted at Sangamner, Maharashtra. CONCLUSION The study critically analyzed and investigated every techno-environmental and socio-economic aspect correlated to open dumping. The bench-scale experimentation revealed the efficiency of the single liner scientific capping is fair enough to eliminate any further rainwater infiltration, however, it has no control over the generation of leachate due to the inherent moisture. Internal moisture related issue was anyhow compensated with pertinent compaction prior to dispose of the waste. Contrarily, both the products derived through the biomining process namely, compost and RDF lagged quality due to scantier nutrient content and higher salt and silicon content respectively. Besides, impact assessment studies concede the pollutant concentration in groundwater in and around the plant has drastically diminished post-July 2019 due to the partial completion of waste capping. It also abetted lowering the dust and odor issues relatively in the surrounding. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge GHMC, Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Limited, and Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited for enabling us to pursue the sample collection and other necessary onsite activities. Further, the authors would like to register profound acknowledgment to EPTRI for supporting us with the essential experimental facilities. REFERENCES Sharma, A., Gupta, A.K., Ganguly, R. (2018), Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. 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Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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ABSTRAKKawasan prioritas pada Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan adalah kawasan permukiman sepanjang Kali Bekasi. Kurangnya sarana dan prasana dalam penyaluran air limbah domestik telah memberikan kontribusi pencemaran cukup tinggi kepada penurunan kualitas air Kali Bekasi. Dampak dari aktivitas sehari-hari masyarakat yang menjadi kebiasaan seperti buang air besar sembarang di sembarang tempat, tidak memiliki tangki septik sebagai tempat buang air besar, dan air bekas mandi dan cucian yang dibuang ke saluran drainase maupun secara langsung ke badan air juga menyebabkan buruknya tingkat sanitasi di Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan. Kondisi sanitasi Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan teridentifikasi beresiko tinggi berdasarkan Environmental Health Risk Assesment. Oleh Karena itu perlu dilakukan pembangunan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2017 tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik pada Lampiran I. SPALD yang terpilih pada Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan yaitu Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat skala Komunal.Kata kunci: Kecamatan Bekasi Selatan, Tingkat Sanitasi, SPALD. ABSTRACTPriority area in South Bekasi District is a residential area along Bekasi River. The lack of facilities and infrastructures in the distribution of domestic wastewater has contributed to pollution which is high enough to decrease the quality of Bekasi River water. The impact of the daily activities of the community which becomes a habit such as defecating in any place, does not have a septic tank as a place to defecate, and used bathing water and laundry which are discharged into the drainage channel or directly to the body of water also causes poor levels sanitation in South Bekasi District. Sanitation conditions in South Bekasi District were identified as high risk based on Environmental Health Risk Assessment. Therefore it is necessary to develop a Domestic Wastewater Management System based on the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 4 concerning the Implementation of Domestic Wastewater Management Systems in Appendix I. Selected SPALD in South Bekasi District, namely Local Domestic Wastewater Management System Communal scale.Keywords: Sub-district, sanitation level, SPALD.

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This article describes the installation of three 375-kWe natural-gas-powered distributed generation units at Medway Plastics Corporationlocated in Long Beach, California. In addition to electric power, Medwayhas elected to utilize heat available in the engine jacket water to drive a151-ton, single-effect, vapor absorption chiller, which Medway will usefor cooling operations attendant to the injection molding process. As thisarticle was being written, the units were scheduled to undergo exhaustgas emission testing to verify compliance with regulations set forth bySouth Coast Air Quality Management District.

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Reliable habitat assessment methods are needed to ensure the adequate management of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) habitat in British Columbia. In two south coastal study regions, the Sunshine Coast and Clayoquot Sound, we evaluated the effectiveness of a qualitative habitat classification that uses air photo-interpreted forest structural characteristics for identifying and ranking habitat quality. Using a sample of 118 nest sites and 157 random sites within forests greater than 140 years old, we found that murrelets selected nest patches non-randomly with respect to forest characteristics. While selectivity varied between study regions, generally nest patches had taller and larger trees, exhibited more complex forest structure, and were located at lower meso-slope positions near large gaps or nearby edges. In addition, these patches were more often ranked higher in terms of habitat quality. However, we found that probable breeding success was greater in habitats classified as lower quality. Thus, further research is needed to understand our findings relative to other influences on breeding productivity, such as predators and hierarchal habitat selection. In summary, while our study supports the use of the current air photo habitat classification standards to improve identification and selection of murrelet nesting habitat for management, some modifications to these standards may be needed.

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Abstract. PT Banjarsari Pribumi is a private mining company engaged in coal mining with an open mining system. The mining location is in East Merapi District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra Province. With a total area of ​​± 519.84 Ha. One of the mining activities carried out has an impact, in the form of positive and negative impacts on the community around the location. The positive impacts that occur in the form of increasing the economy of the residents around the research location and for the negative impacts that occur around the location are quite complex so that changes in morphology, vegetation, air conditions, and the structure of the soil cover, cause environmental quality to decline. Reclamation activities aim to repair or reorganize disturbed land due to mining activities so that it can function again according to its designation and to know the technical plans for land management, revegetation and maintenance in a former coal mining area. In addition, this activity has the aim of knowing the total cost that will be required for the planned reclamation activity. In land use activities, mechanical equipment will be used in the form of the Sany SY500H Excavator, Sany SKT90S Dump Truck, and Komatsu D85ESS Bulldozer. Meanwhile, in the revegetation activities, the plants used include staple crops such as Johar (Senna Siamea), rubber trees (Hevea Brasiliensis) and cover crops such as legumes (Mucuna Bracteata). Reclamation activities will be carried out in 2022 - 2026 with a total area of ​​173.92 Ha. Technically, reclamation activities are carried out to the stage of plant care and maintenance so that plant growth can grow optimally. The reclamation activity will last for the next 5 years with a total cost that needs to be spent by PT Banjarsari Pribumi of Rp. 12,586.413.402,- Keyword : Reclamation, Land Use, Revegetation, Success Rate Against Technical Plan PT Banjarsari Pribumi merupakan perusahaan tambang swasta yang bergerak dibidang pertambangan batubara dengan sistem penambangan terbuka. Lokasi penambangan berada di Kecamatan Merapi Timur, Kabupaten Lahat, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Dengan luas wilayah keseluruhan ± 519,84 Ha. Salah satu kegiatan penambangan yang dilakukan menimbulkan dampak, berupa dampak positif maupun dampak negatif terhadap masyarakat disekitar lokasi. Dampak positif yang terjadi berupa meningkatnya perekonomian warga disekitar lokasi penelitan dan untuk dampak negatif yang terjadi di sekitar lokasi cukup komplek sehingga merubahan morfologi, vegetasi, kondisi udara, dan struktur tanah penutup, menyebabkan kualitas lingkungan menurun. Kegiatan reklamasi bertujuan untuk memperbaiki atau menata lahan kembali yang terganggu akibat dari aktifitas penambangan agar dapat berfungsi kembali sesuai dengan peruntukannya serta mengetahui rencana teknis penataan lahan, revegetasi dan pemeliharaan yang berada pada suatu area bekas penambangan batubara. Selain itu kegiatan ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui total biaya yang akan dibutuhkan untuk rencana kegiatan reklamasi. Dalam kegiatan penatagunaan lahan akan menggunakan peralatan mekanis berupa Excavator Sany SY500H, Dump Truck Sany SKT90S, dan Bulldozer Komatsu D85ESS. Sedangkan dalam kegiatan revegetasi tanaman yang digunakan antara lain tanaman pokok berupa tanaman Johar (Senna Siamea), tanaman sisipan berupa pohon karet ( Hevea Brasiliensis ) dan tanaman penutup berupa tanaman Kacang-kacangan (Mucuna Bracteata). Kegiatan reklamasi akan dilakukan pada tahun 2022 - 2026 dengan luas total 173,92 Ha. Secara teknis kegiatan reklamasi dilakukan hingga tahapan perawatan dan pemeliharaan tanaman agar pertumbuhan tanaman dapat tumbuh secara optimal. Kegiatan reklamasi akan berlangsung selama 5 tahun kedepan dengan total biaya yang perlu dikelurkan oleh PT Banjarsari Pribumi sebesar Rp12.586,413.402,- Kata Kunci : Reklamasi, Penatagunaan Lahan , Revegatasi, Tingkat Keberhasilan Terhadap Rencana Teknis

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Abstract Recurrent dust storms represent a significant concern in Australia because of their related hazards and damages since particulate matter (PM) has harmful impacts on the environmental, health and economic sectors. The particulate matter may be released from natural sources and human activities. The major part of natural particulate matter is emitted into the air by wind erosion processes from desert and semi-desert areas at the world scale. A huge dust storm crossed over several areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including the Sydney region on 21–22 November 2018 and decreased the horizontal visibility to less than 1 km for 22 h. This study examined the synoptic weather conditions, and assessed the air quality and identified the source and transport trajectory of the dust storm over Sydney using ground and satellite remote sensing data. PM10 (< 10 μm) concentrations were obtained from selected air quality monitoring sites operated by the Environmental Protection Agency in NSW. The highest hourly concentration of PM10 (578.7 μg/m3) was recorded at Singleton in the Hunter Valley, while concentrations in Sydney ranged from 480 to 385 μg/m3, well above the standard air quality level in Australia (50 μg/m3 per 24 h). The HYSPLIT back trajectories of air parcels suggest that the potential sources of the dust episode originated from the Lake Eyre Basin and northeast South Australia, the Mundi Mundi plains west of Broken Hill, Cobar and the grazing lands and the red sandplains in northwestern NSW. It then travelled towards the east coast. These long-range airflows transported suspended dust particles, raising air quality to hazardous levels (elevated PM10 levels) over most areas of NSW. The results from the HYSPLIT model for dust movement are confirmed by MODIS satellite images. Many areas of NSW experienced this intense dust storm due to northwest wind generated by the low-pressure systems and cold fronts over South Australia and many parts of western NSW as it moved eastward.

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Background: Interventions by community care workers within the context of communitybased integrated management of childhood illness (CIMCI) may have a positive effect on child health if the health workers have adequate knowledge about key family practices.Setting: The study was conducted in rural areas of the West Coast district in the Western Cape, South Africa.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge of community care workers about five of the 16 key family practices of CIMCI.Methods: A descriptive survey collected a self-administered questionnaire from 257 community care workers out of a possible total of 270 (95.2% response rate). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was applied.Results: Only 25 of the respondents (10%) obtained a score higher than 70% on the knowledgebased items of the questionnaire. Less than 25% of respondents answered questions in these key areas correctly (pneumonia [17%], tuberculosis [13%], HIV/AIDS [9%] immunisation [3%] and recommendations for a child with fever [21%]). Statistically significant correlations were found between the total score a respondent achieved and the highest level of education obtained (p < 0.01), the level of in-service training (p < 0.01), attendance of a CIMCI five-day training course (p < 0.01), and completing a subsequent refresher course (p < 0.01).Conclusion: The knowledge of CCWs was inadequate to provide safe, quality CIMCI. CIMCI refresher courses should be offered annually to improve CCWs’ knowledge and the quality of care that they render. Regular update courses could contribute to building competence.

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Iron toxicity is a factor causing low rice yield on tidal swamp land (TSL).Soil quality improvement by using water management, organic matter and introducing adaptable varietywere some options to increaseits productivity in the soils. Field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of applying water management, organic matter and adaptable variety to increase its productivity on a TSL of KP Belandean, Barito Kuala District of South Kalimantan, during dry season of 2010. The research was arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replicates. The main plots were two water management, i.e: P0 = without water management (control) and P1= intermittent water management, while sub plots were three organic matter application, i.e: B0 = without organic matter application (control), B1 = straw compost 3 t/ha, B2 = manure 2 t/ha, and sub sub plots were five rice varieties, i.e. V1 = Mekongga, V2 = Inpari 1, V3 = Ciherang, V4 = Silugonggo and V5 = Margasari. The result showed that there was interaction between water management and variety tested on rice yield in TSL. The highest yield was reached by Inpari 1 variety which treatment intermitten water management, with yield i.e. 5.390 t/ ha.Silugonggo and Ciherang was not suitable to cultivate on TSL. The implication of this research was variety recomendation on a tidal swamp land, i.e. Inpari 1 variety and intermitten water management.

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This study aimed to identify the socioeconomic and environmental challenges of the migrants who are migrated in Krishnonagar and Mohammadnagar areas of Khulna district. By using simple random sampling technique 348 (157 from Krishnanagar and 191 from Mohammadnagar) household heads were selected as the respondents. The length of living was considered to assess the effect of migration on the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of the respondents. Seven indicators (income, occupation, education, class, family status, poverty situation and health) were considered to assess the socioeconomic conditions of the respondents. The regression analysis supports that the length of migration has its effect on income (71%), poverty situation (66%) and class position (64%) of the respondents. That means the socioeconomic conditions of the people living in the study areas for long time is better than those of new migrants. In this study environmental issues include water and air quality, housing conditions, waste disposal systems and related hazards affected by the respondents as the migrants. The respondents were migrated from different areas of Bangladesh mainly due to natural disaster and crop cultivation related vulnerability. Among the total respondents 87.4 percent of the household heads are male and 12.6 percent are female. The present study shows that nearly half of the respondents (47.7%) in the study area were found to be involved in seasonal work. The average monthly household income in the study areas was 5892 BDT and 55.2 percent respondents were absolutely poor. About 17 percent respondents claimed for the ownership of the house but 57.87 percent were living in rented house. Among the environmental challenges waterlogging and problem of solid waste disposal were severe. In this regard some useful points of recommendations for effective urban management and rural development activities are suggested. South Asian J. Agric., 7(1&2): 6-14

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PurposeThe preservation of historic urban centres prevents anarchic development of the city and ensures a harmonious evolution of the urban form. It also improves the quality of life in the context of climate and environmental change. Morphological and geometric indicators of the urban fabric are key parameters in the formation of external microclimates. They provide a positive effect on the thermal comfort of pedestrians. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the site morphology on the external microclimate and to understand the relationship between the subjective perception and the objective quantification of the thermal environment. The result of this study has allowed us to propose solutions for the creation of a microclimate favourable to the appropriation of outdoor spaces. The authors finally propose guidelines for the design and rehabilitation of the historic site based on the establishment of links between the site's configuration, microclimatic conditions and users' perceptions.Design/methodology/approachPart of this study included the analysis of the microclimate of the historic “Bab El Hadid” district of the City of Tlemcen, by developing a questionnaire survey and a numerical simulation validated by measurements of the microclimate the authors made on site. To complete this task, the authors applied the Envi-met 4.1 model during the coldest month of the winter and the hottest month of the summer. Urban parameters are represented at different measurement points characterised by a variability of the sky view factor (SVF).FindingsThe results presented in terms of average expected the predicted mean vote (PMV) voting, solar access and air temperature. They show that thermal conditions are directly related to the SVF, the height/width ratio (H/L) of streets as well as the orientation of urban canyons. The points located in the streets facing North–South, present an acceptable performance. Streets shaded by trees with a canyon aspect ratio of between 1.18 and 1.70 reduce heat stress in outdoor spaces. The PMV models discussed provide information on the most appropriate locations for pedestrians. The authors have proposed urban orientations that could limit unfavourable conditions in outdoor spaces. They are useful for architects and urban planners in the design and rehabilitation of historic centres.Originality/valueIn Tlemcen, the microclimate is not taken into account in the design and rehabilitation of urban fabrics. For this specific purpose, the authors want to stress in the research the importance of safeguarding urban heritage through the renewal of the old city and the bioclimatic rehabilitation of its urban spaces.

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IntroductionMusicians and critics regard Australian jazz as vibrant and creative (Shand; Chessher; Rechniewski). From its tentative beginnings in the early twentieth century (Whiteoak), jazz has become a major aspect of Australia’s music and performance. Due to the large distances separating cities and towns, its development has been influenced by geographical isolation (Nikolsky; Chessher; Clare; Johnson; Stevens; McGuiness). While major cities have been the central hubs, it is increasingly acknowledged that regional centres also provide avenues for jazz performance (Curtis).This article discusses findings relating to transient musical populations shaped by geographical conditions, venue issues that are peculiar to the Northern region, and finally the challenges of cultural and parochial mindsets that North Queensland jazz musicians encounter in performance.Cairns and MackayCairns and Mackay are regional centres on the coast of Queensland, Australia. Cairns – population 156,901 in 2016 (ABS) – is a world famous tourist destination situated on the doorstep of the Great Barrier Reef (Thorp). Mackay – population 114,969 in 2016 (ABS) – is a lesser-known community with an economy largely underpinned by the sugar cane and coal mining industries (Rolfe et al. 138). Both communities lie North of the capital city Brisbane – Mackay in the heart of Central Queensland, and Cairns as the unofficial capital of Far North Queensland. Mackay and Cairns were selected for this study, not on representational grounds, but because they provide an opportunity to learn through case studies. Stake notes that “potential for learning is a different and sometimes superior criterion to representativeness,” adding, “that may mean taking the one most accessible or the one we can spend the most time with (451).”Musically, both regional centres have a number of venues that promote live music, however, only Cairns has a dedicated jazz club, the Cairns Jazz Club (CJC). Each has a community convention centre that brings high-calibre touring musicians to the region, including jazz musicians.Mackay is home to the Central Queensland Conservatorium of Music (CQCM) a part of the Central Queensland University that has offered conservatoire-style degree programs in jazz, contemporary music and theatre for over twenty-five years. Cairns does not have any providers of tertiary jazz qualifications.MethodologySemi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-two significant individuals associated with the jazz communities in Mackay and Cairns over a twelve-month period from 2015 to 2016. Twelve of the interviewees were living in Cairns at the time, and ten were living in Mackay. The selection of interviewees was influenced by personal knowledge of key individuals, historical records located at the CQCM, and from a study by (Mitchell), who identified important figures in the Cairns jazz scene. The study participants included members of professional jazz ensembles, dedicated jazz audience members and jazz educators. None of the participants who were interviewed relied solely on the performance of jazz as their main occupation. All of the musicians combined teaching duties with music-making in several genres including rock, jazz, Latin and funk, as well as work in the recording and producing of recorded music. Combining the performance of jazz and commercial musical styles is a common and often crucial part of being a musician in a regional centre due to the low demand for any one specific genre (Luckman et al. 630). The interview data that was gathered during the study’s data collection phase was analysed for themes using the grounded theory research method (Charmaz). The following sections will discuss three areas of findings relating to some of the unique North Queensland influences that have impacted the development and sustainability of the two regional jazz communities.Transient Musical PopulationsThe prospect of living in North Queensland is an alluring proposition for many people. According to the participants in this study, the combination of work and a tropical lifestyle attracts people from all over the country to Cairns and Mackay, but this influx is matched by a high population turnover. Many musicians who move into the region soon move away again. High population turnover is a characteristic of several Northern regional centres such as the city of Darwin (Luckman, Gibson and Lea 12). The high growth and high population turnover in Cairns, in particular, was one of the highest in the country between 2006 and 2011 (ABS). The study participants in both regions believed that the transient nature of the local population is detrimental to the development and sustainability of the jazz communities. One participant described the situation in Cairns this way: “The tropics sort of lure them up there, tease them with all of the beauty and nature, and then spit them out when they realise it’s not what they imagined (interviewee 1, 24 Aug. 2016).” Looking more broadly to other coastal regional areas of Australia, there is evidence of the counter-urban flow of professionals and artists seeking out a region’s “natural and cultural environment” (Gibson 339). On the far North coast of New South Wales, Gibson examined how the climate, natural surroundings and cultural charms attracted city dwellers to that region (337). Similarly, most of the participants in this study mentioned lifestyle choices such as raising a family and living in the tropics as reasons to move to Cairns or Mackay. The prospect of working in the tourism and hospitality industry was found to be another common reason for musicians to move to Cairns in particular. In contrast to some studies (Salazar; Conradson and Latham) where it was found that the middle- to upper-classes formed the majority of lifestyle migrants, the migrating musicians identified by this study were mostly low-income earners seeking a combination of music work and other types of employment outside the music industry. There have been studies that have explored and critically reviewed the theoretical frameworks behind lifestyle migration (Benson and Osbaldiston) including the examination of issues and the motivation to ‘lifestyle migrate’. What is interesting in this current study is the focus of discussion on the post-migration effects. Study participants believe that most of the musicians who move into their region leave soon afterwards because of their disillusionment with the local music industry. Despite the lure of musical jobs through the tourism and hospitality industry, local musicians in Cairns tend to believe there is less work than imagined. Pub rock duos and DJs have taken most of the performance opportunities, which makes it hard for new musicians to compete.The study also reveals that Cairns jazz musicians consider it more difficult to find and collaborate with quality newcomers. This may be attributed to the smaller jazz communities’ demand for players of specific instruments. One participant explained, “There’s another bass player that just moved here, but he only plays by ear, so when people want to play charts and new songs, he can’t do it so it's hard finding the right guys up here at times (interviewee 2, 23 Aug. 2016).” Cairns and Mackay participants agreed that the difficulty of finding and retaining quality musicians in the region impacted on the ability of certain groups to be sustainable. One participant added, “It’s such a small pool of musicians, at the moment, I've got a new project ready to go and I've got two percussionists, but I need a bass player, but there is no bass player that I'm willing to work with (interviewee 3, 24 Aug. 2016).” The same participant has been fortunate over the years, performing with a different local group whose members have permanently stayed in the Cairns region, however, forging new musical pathways and new groups seemed challenging due to the lack of musical skills in some of the potential musicians.In Mackay, the study revealed a smaller influx of new musicians to the region, and study participants experienced the same difficulties forming groups and retaining members as their Cairns counterparts. One participant, who found it difficult to run a Big Band as well as a smaller jazz ensemble because of the transient population, claimed that many local musicians were lured to metropolitan centres for university or work.Study participants in both Northern centres appeared to have developed a tolerance and adaptability for their regional challenges. While this article does not aim to suggest a solution to the issues they described, one interesting finding that emerged in both Cairns and Mackay was the musicians’ ability to minimise some of the effects of the transient population. Some musicians found that it was more manageable to sustain a band by forming smaller groups such as duos, trios and quartets. An example was observed in Mackay, where one participant’s Big Band was a standard seventeen-piece group. The loss of players was a constant source of anxiety for the performers. Changing to a smaller ensemble produced a sense of sustainability that satisfied the group. In Cairns, one participant found that if the core musicians in the group (bass, drums and vocals) were permanent local residents, they could manage to use musicians passing through the region, which had minimal impact on the running of the group. For example, the Latin band will have different horn players sit in from time to time. When those performers leave, the impact on the group is minimal because the rhythm section is comprised of long-term Cairns residents.Venue Conditions Heat UpAt the Cape York Hotel in Cairns, musicians and audience members claimed that it was uncomfortable to perform or attend Sunday afternoon jazz gigs during the Cairns summer due to the high temperatures and non air-conditioned venues. This impact of the physical environment on the service process in a venue was first modelled and coined the ‘Servicescape’ by Bitner (57). The framework, which includes physical dimensions like temperature, noise, space/function and signage, has also been further investigated in other literature (Minor et al.; Kubacki; Turley and Fugate). This model is relevant to this study because it clearly affects the musician’s ability to perform music in the Northern climate and attract audiences. One of the regular musicians at the Cape York Hotel commented: So you’re thinking, ‘Well, I’m starting to create something here, people are starting to show up’, but then you see it just dwindling away and then you get two or three weeks of hideously hot weather, and then like last Sunday, by the time I went on in the first set, my shirt was sticking to me like tissue paper… I set up a gig, a three-hour gig with my trio, and if it’s air conditioned you’re likely to get people but if it’s like the Cape York, which is not air conditioned, and you’re out in the beer garden with a tin roof over the top with big fans, it’s hideous‘. (Interviewee 4, 24 Aug. 2016)The availability of venues that offer live jazz is limited in both regions. The issue was twofold: firstly, the limited availability of a larger venue to cater for the ensembles was deemed problematic; and secondly, the venue manager needed to pay for the services of the club, which contributed to its running costs. In Cairns, the Cape York Hotel has provided the local CJC with an outdoor beer garden as a venue for their regular Sunday performances since 2015. The president of the CJC commented on the struggle for the club to find a suitable venue for their musicians and patrons. The club has had residencies in multiple venues over the last thirty years with varying success. It appears that the club has had to endure these conditions in order to provide their musicians and audiences an outlet for jazz performance. This dedication to their art form and sense of resilience appears to be a regular theme for these Northern jazz musicians.Minor et al. (7) recommended that live music organisers needed to consider offering different physical environments for different events (7). For example, a venue that caters for a swing band might include a dance floor for potential dancers or if a venue catered for a sit down jazz show, the venue might like to choose the best acoustic environment to best support the sound of the ensemble. The research showed that customers have different reasons for attending events, and in relation to the Cape York Hotel, the majority of the customers were the CJC members who simply wanted to enjoy their jazz club performances in an air conditioned environment with optimal acoustics as the priority. Although not ideal, the majority of the CJC members still attended during the summer months and endured the high temperatures due to a lack of venue suitability.Parochial MindsetsOne of the challenging issues faced by many of the participants in both regions was the perceived cultural divide between jazz aficionados and general patrons at many venues. While larger centres in Australia have enjoyed an international reputation as creative hubs for jazz such as Melbourne and Sydney (Shand), the majority of participants in this study believed that a significant portion of the general public is quite parochial in their views on various musical styles including jazz. Coined the ‘bogan factor’, one participant explained, “I call it the bogan factor. Do you think that's an academic term? It is now” (interviewee 5, 17 Feb. 2016). They also commented on dominant cultural choices of residents in these regions: “It's North Queensland, it's a sport orientated, 4WD dominated place. Culturally they are the main things that people are attracted to” (interviewee 5, 17 Feb. 2016). These cultural preferences appear to affect the performance opportunities for the participants in Cairns and Mackay.Waitt and Gibson explored how the Wollongong region was chosen as an area for investigation to see if city size mattered for creativity and creativity-led regeneration (1224). With the ‘Creative Class’ framework in mind (Florida), the researchers found that Wollongong’s primarily blue-collar industrial identity was a complex mixture of cultural pursuits including the arts, sport and working class ideals (Waitt and Gibson 1241). This finding is consistent with the comments of study participants from Cairns and Mackay who believed that the identities of their regions were strongly influenced by sport and industries like mining and farming. One Mackay participant added, “I think our culture, in itself, would need to change to turn more people to jazz. I can’t see that happening. That’s Australia. You’re fighting against 200 years of sport” (interviewee 6, 12 Feb. 2016). Performing in Mackay or Cairns in venues that attract various demographics can make it difficult for musicians playing jazz. A Cairns participant added, “As Ingrid James once told me, ‘It's North Queensland, you’ve got an audience of tradesman, they don't get it’. It's silly to think it's going to ever change” (interviewee 7, 26 Aug. 2016). One Mackay participant believed that the lack of appreciation for jazz in regional areas was largely due to a lack of exposure to the art form. Most people grow up listening to other styles of music in their households.Another participant made the point that regardless of the region’s cultural and leisure-time preferences, if a jazz band is playing in a football club, you must expect it to be unpopular. Many of the research participants emphasised that playing in a suitable venue is paramount for developing a consistent and attentive audience. Choosing a venue that values and promotes the style of jazz music that the musicians are performing could help to attract more jazz fans and therefore build a sustainable jazz community.Refreshingly, this study revealed that musicians in both regions showed considerable resilience in dealing with the issue of parochial mindsets, and they have implemented methods to help educate their audiences. The audience plays a significant part in the development and future of a jazz community (Becker; Martin). For the Central Queensland Conservatorium of Music in Mackay, part of the ethos of the institution is to provide music performance and educational opportunities to the region. One of the lecturers who made a significant contribution to the design of the ensemble program had a clear vision to combine jazz and popular music styles in order to connect with a regional audience. He explained, “The popular music strand of the jazz program and what we called the commercial ensembles was very much birthed out of that concept of creating a connection with the community and making us more accessible in the shortest amount of time, which then enabled us to expose people to jazz” (interviewee 8, 20 Mar. 2016).In a similar vein, several Cairns musicians commented on how they engaged with their audiences through education. Some musicians attempted to converse with the patrons on the comparative elements of jazz and non-jazz styles, which helped to instil some appreciation in patrons with little jazz knowledge. One participant cited that although not all patrons were interested in an education at a pub, some became regular attendees and showed greater appreciation for the different jazz styles. These findings align with other studies (Radbourne and Arthurs; Kubacki; Kubacki et al.), who found that audiences tend to return to arts organizations or events more regularly if they feel connected to the experience (Kubacki et al. 409).ConclusionThe Cairns and Mackay jazz musicians who were interviewed in this study revealed some innovative approaches for sustaining their art form in North Queensland. The participants discussed creative solutions for minimising the influence of a transient musician population as well as overcoming some of the parochial mindsets in the community through education. The North Queensland summer months proved to be a struggle for musicians and audience members alike in Cairns in particular, but resilience and commitment to the music and the social network of jazz performers seemed to override this obstacle. Although this article presents just a subset of the findings from a study of the development and sustainability of the jazz communities in Mackay and Cairns, it opens the way for further investigation into the unique issues faced. Deeper understanding of these issues could contribute to the ongoing development and sustainability of jazz communities in regional Australia.ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Statistics. "Mackay (Statistical Area 2), Cairns (R) (Statistical Local Area), Census 2016." Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.———. "Perspectives on Regional Australia: Population Growth and Turnover in Local Government Areas (Lgas), 2006-2011." Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.Becker, H. Art Worlds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.Benson, Michaela, and Nick Osbaldiston. "Toward a Critical Sociology of Lifestyle Migration: Reconceptualizing Migration and the Search for a Better Way of Life." The Sociological Review 64.3 (2016): 407-23.Bitner, Mary Jo. "Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees." The Journal of Marketing (1992): 57-71. Charmaz, K. Constructing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2014. Chessher, A. "Australian Jazz Musician-Educators: An Exploration of Experts' Approaches to Teaching Jazz." Sydney: University of Sydney, 2009. Clare, J. Bodgie Dada and the Cult of Cool: Jazz in Australia since the 1940s. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1995. Conradson, David, and Alan Latham. "Transnational Urbanism: Attending to Everyday Practices and Mobilities." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31.2 (2005): 227-33. Curtis, Rebecca Anne. "Australia's Capital of Jazz? The (Re)creation of Place, Music and Community at the Wangaratta Jazz Festival." Australian Geographer 41.1 (2010): 101-16. Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Melbourne, Victoria: Pluto Press Australia, 2003. Gibson, Chris. "Migration, Music and Social Relations on the NSW Far North Coast." Transformations 2 (2002): 1-15. ———. "Rural Transformation and Cultural Industries: Popular Music on the New South Wales Far North Coast." Australian Geographical Studies 40.3 (2002): 337-56. Johnson, Bruce. The Inaudible Music: Jazz, Gender and Australian Modernity. Strawberry Hills, NSW: Currency Press, 2000. Kubacki, Krzysztof. "Jazz Musicians: Creating Service Experience in Live Performance." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 20.4 (2008): 401- 13. ———, et al. "Comparing Nightclub Customers’ Preferences in Existing and Emerging Markets." International Journal of Hospitality Management 26.4 (2007): 957-73. Luckman, S., et al. "Life in a Northern (Australian) Town: Darwin's Mercurial Music Scene." Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 22.5 (2008): 623-37. ———, Chris Gibson, and Tess Lea. "Mosquitoes in the Mix: How Transferable Is Creative City Thinking?" 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